Chemistry

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Mixtures and solutions


Heterogeneous mixtures



1) What is a mixture?

Before studying the heterogeneous mixtures we must first know  what's a mixture:
A mixture consists of at least two substances that are brought together in the same receptacle.
Here are some examples:
- Sand and water.
- Oil and vinegar
- Air and water vapor
- Flour, water and salt
etc.

2) Example of a heterogeneous mixture


Before defining a heterogeneous mixture, we will see an example that will help to understand more easily this definition.
This example is that of water and oil.

The following figure shows a mixture of water and oil.
Heterogeneous mixture of oil and water

Step 1: Water and oil are introduced into a test tube. Oil stays above the water (it floats) because oil is less dense than water (a phenomenon explained by the buoyancy).
Step 2: After shaking the oil is dispersed in water as droplets (more or less small depending on the force of agitation)
At this point it is said that oil and water form an emulsion.
Step 3: After waiting, all oil droplets finally rise to the surface and re-form the initial layer of oil.

3) Definition of a heterogeneous mixture

A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if at least two of its constituents are visible to the naked eye even after shaking.

These mixtures may consist of:
- Two liquids such as water and oil or water and alcohol.
- A liquid and a solid as the water and sand, water and salt or water and flour.
- A liquid and a gas as in a lemonade exposed to air.




Science class

Mechanics lessons
Water

Water on Earth
Changes of state in the nature: the water cycle
Water in human body
Test for water
Properties of water in different states

States of matter

States of matter and its changes
Boiling water
Water: freezing and melting
Changes of state: mass and volume
Molecules in different states of matter

Mixtures and solutions

Heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures
Decantation
Centrifugation
Filtration
Vaporization of water
Distillation
Chromatography
Dissolving a solid in water
Conservation of mass on dissolving
Miscibility in water

Mass and volume

Volume and its units
Measuring volume with a graduated cylinder
Mass and its units
Measuring the mass of a liquid
Mass of a liter of water
Volumetric mass density

Air and atmosphere

Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere protect us
Threats to the Earth's atmosphere
Composition of air
Air and life
Pressure

Atoms and molecules

Molecules
Molecules in mixtures and pure substances
Molecules and states of matter
Atoms
Composition of molecules
Constituents of the atoms
The electrical neutrality of the atom

Combustions

Basics of combustion
The combustion of carbon
The combustion of butane

Atoms and chemical reactions

Chemical reactions
Chemical equations
Law of conservation of mass
Chemical synthesis

Metals

Most common metals
How to distinguish metals ?

Corrosion of metals
Electrical conductivity of solid materials
Electrons and free electrons
Electric current in metals

Ions

The conductivity of aqueous solutions
Aqueous solutions and ions
The direction of movement of ions
Formation of ions
Tests for ions

Acidic and basic solutions

pH of aqueous solutions
Ions in acidic and basic solutions
Dilution of acids and bases
Composition of hydrochloric acid
Chemical reaction between iron and hydrochloric acid

Electrochemical cells and chemical energy

Chemical reaction beteween a copper sulphate solution and zinc
Copper sulfate and zinc battery
Basics of electrochemical cell


        










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